农业种植的三害

一、别小看了“盐害”  

一、do not underestimate the "salt damage"

在大棚栽培中“盐害”是影响产量的重要因素,因此，解决瓜菜大棚“盐害”势在必行。盲目过量施肥，单靠投化肥换产量，必然会造成土壤中盐分积累迅速增加，势必造成肥害(盐害)的发生，如何解决并避免盲目施肥所带来的危害呢?

Salt damage is an important factor affecting yield in greenhouse culture. therefore, it is imperative to solve the "salt injury" of melons and vegetables in greenhouse. Blind excessive fertilization and relying solely on chemical fertilizer for yield will inevitably lead to a rapid increase of salt accumulation in the soil, which is bound to cause fertilizer damage (salt damage). How to solve and avoid the harm caused by blind fertilization?

首先，调整棚田农家肥、化学肥料和微生物肥料的施用比例。腐熟的农家肥占棚田作物生育期需求量的65%，化学肥料占生育期需求量的30%，微生物肥料占全生育期的5%。化学肥料应以不同作物的生理需求，减少含氯、含钠的成分。另外，要正确选择肥料种类和施肥方法，尽可能施用不带负成分的肥料，如尿素、硝酸钾、磷酸钙、磷酸二氨等，尽量降低盐分在土壤中的残留积累量。

First of all, adjust the application ratio of farm manure, chemical fertilizer and microbial fertilizer in shed field. Mature farm manure accounts for 65% of the crop growth period demand, chemical fertilizer accounts for 30% of the growth period demand, and microbial fertilizer accounts for 5% of the whole growth period. Chemical fertilizers should reduce the contents of chlorine and sodium according to the physiological needs of different crops. In addition, it is necessary to correctly select fertilizer types and fertilization methods, and apply fertilizers without negative components as far as possible, such as urea, potassium nitrate, calcium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and so on, so as to reduce the residual accumulation of salt in soil as far as possible.

其次，增施有机肥、生物肥。增施有机肥料，如绿肥、腐熟堆肥、厩肥以改良土壤结构，增进土壤肥力。建议在基肥中适当地增加有机肥料的施用量。并施用一定量的生物肥，结合深翻地，可以改良土壤结构，改善土壤通透性，活化土壤，提高地温，有利于作物根系伸展，增加根系吸收水分和养分的能力，提高自身抗盐力。

Secondly, increase the application of organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer. Increase the application of organic fertilizers, such as green manure, mature compost and barnyard manure, to improve soil structure and soil fertility. It is suggested that the application amount of organic fertilizer should be increased appropriately in the base fertilizer. The application of a certain amount of biological fertilizer combined with deep ploughing can improve soil structure, improve soil permeability, activate soil and increase soil temperature, which is beneficial to the extension of crop roots, increase the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients, and improve their salt resistance.

第三、延长自然降雨淋溶时间。建议在6月下旬-9月底这段时间内，尽早摘除温室顶部的薄膜，让雨季的自然降雨充分淋溶土壤，降低土壤耕层中盐分的浓度。

Third, prolong the leaching time of natural rainfall. It is suggested that during the period from late June to the end of September, the film at the top of the greenhouse should be removed as soon as possible, so that the natural rainfall in the rainy season can fully leach the soil and reduce the salt concentration in the plough layer of the soil.

第四、以水压盐。俗话讲，“盐随水走”，故此我们可以通过大水漫灌的措施，以水压盐，通过土壤毛细管，把耕作层内的高浓度盐离子“带走”。建议该法能结合蔬菜拔园后，高温闷棚一并进行，即表层消毒后先打一遍地，而后大灌水，闷棚，应在半月以上。

Fourth, press salt with water. As the saying goes, "salt goes with water", so we can "take away" the high concentration of salt ions in the tillage layer by pressing salt with water and through soil capillaries. It is suggested that this method can be combined with vegetable garden and high temperature greenhouse, that is, after surface disinfection, hit the ground first, and then irrigate heavily, stuffy shed, should be more than half a month.

第五、选择抗盐蔬菜。生产实践表明，不同种类蔬菜的根系对土壤盐类浓度的忍耐能力不同，茄子的抗盐力较强，其次是番茄、辣椒，再次为西葫芦、黄瓜。

Fifth, choose salt-resistant vegetables. The production practice showed that the root system of different kinds of vegetables had different tolerance to soil salt concentration, and eggplant had strong salt tolerance, followed by tomato, pepper, zucchini and cucumber.

第六、生物除盐。试验证明，种植苏丹草能吸取土壤的多余盐分，是目前解决棚室土壤次生盐渍较好的方法之一。另外，玉米的除盐效果也较好。

Sixth, biological desalination. The experiment shows that planting Sudan grass can absorb the excess salt of soil, which is one of the better methods to solve the secondary salinization of soil in greenhouse at present. In addition, the desalination effect of corn is also good.

第七、进行抗盐锻炼。提高蔬菜耐盐性。播前种子吸水膨胀后，用0.6％的食盐水溶液浸种6-12小时，可明显提高其耐盐性。苗其耐压能力最差，喷50毫克/公斤的赤霉素，可刺激蔬菜生长，稀释其体内盐分浓度，增强其耐盐能力。

Seventh, carry out salt-resistant exercise. Improve the salt tolerance of vegetables. After the seeds were swollen by water absorption before sowing, the salt tolerance of the seeds could be significantly improved by soaking the seeds with 0.6% saline solution for 6-12 hours. The seedling's pressure tolerance is the worst. Spraying 50 mg / kg gibberellin can stimulate the growth of vegetables, dilute the salt concentration in the body and enhance its salt tolerance.

二、别忽视了“药害”

二、Don't ignore the "drug harm"

植物生长调节剂所造成的伤害最常见的有秧苗皱缩畸形和叶片呈蕨叶病毒症状,在天气较好的情况下，“药害”症状不易被察觉或症状轻微，但是遇到连续的阴雨天气后，植株不能进行正常的光合作用，根系吸收就会出现问题。因此,此时植株中毒症状就会凸现。防治措施有以下几点:

The most common injuries caused by plant growth regulators are seedling shrinkage and leaf fern leaf virus symptoms. in good weather, the symptoms of "drug damage" are not easy to detect or mild, but after continuous overcast and rainy weather, plants can not carry out normal photosynthesis, root absorption problems will occur. Therefore, the symptoms of plant poisoning will be prominent at this time. The prevention and control measures are as follows:

首先，做好预防工作。掌握植物生长调节剂的正确使用浓度、使用方法、使用部位等。如瓠瓜，使用乙烯利可促进主蔓早开雌花，但使用时必须是4-6片真叶期，提早使用容易发生药害。

First of all, do a good job of prevention. Master the correct concentration, method and location of plant growth regulators. Such as bottle gourd, the use of ethephon can promote the main vine to open female flowers early, but the use must be 4-6 true leaf stage, early use is prone to drug damage.

其次，确定适用浓度。如果浓度过低，不能产生应有的效果；浓度过高，会破坏植物正常的生理活动，甚至伤害植物。植物生长调节剂的浓度效应远比一般农药复杂，不同作物使用同一植物生长调节剂的浓度就有很大差别，且与作物的长势有关。

Secondly, determine the applicable concentration. If the concentration is too low, it can not produce the desired effect; if the concentration is too high, it will destroy the normal physiological activities of plants, and even harm plants. The concentration effect of plant growth regulators is much more complex than that of general pesticides. The concentration of the same plant growth regulators used by different crops is very different, and it is related to the growth of crops.

再次，注意气候条件。温度过低，叶面吸收缓慢；温度过高，药液水分容易蒸发，易造成未被吸收的药剂沉淀在叶表面，对组织有害。在干旱气候条件下施用，药液浓度应降低；在雨水充足的季节里施用，应适当加大浓度。

Third, pay attention to the climatic conditions. If the temperature is too low, the foliar absorption is slow; if the temperature is too high, the liquid water is easy to evaporate, which is easy to cause the unabsorbed agents to precipitate on the leaf surface, which is harmful to the tissue. When applied in dry climate, the concentration of the solution should be reduced, and in the sufficient season of Rain Water, the concentration should be increased appropriately.

三、别放过了“肥害”

三、Don't let go of the "fat harm".

大棚蔬菜“肥害”可大致分为3种，一是施肥量过大或离植株太近，作物被高浓度肥料烧伤；二是某一营养元素施用过量；导致其他元素缺乏；三是在封闭管理条件下，过量施用氮肥，施后不覆土或未及时通风，发生氨气或亚硝酸气体的毒害。这三种“肥害”都要防治，应以防治氨等有害气体对作物的灼伤为重点。

The "fertilizer damage" of vegetables in greenhouse can be roughly divided into three types: first, the amount of fertilizer applied is too large or too close to the plant, and the crop is burned by high concentration fertilizer; second, the excessive application of a certain nutrient element leads to the lack of other elements; and third, under the condition of closed management, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer does not cover the soil or does not ventilate in time, resulting in the toxicity of ammonia or nitrite gas. These three kinds of "fertilizer damage" should be prevented, and emphasis should be placed on the prevention and control of ammonia and other harmful gases on crops.

一是科学施肥，防止一次施肥量过大，对基肥施后覆土或与土壤充分混合；对追肥要提倡深施覆土，施后及时灌水，不可将肥料撒在地面就不管了。

First, apply fertilizer scientifically to prevent the amount of fertilizer applied at one time from being too large, cover the soil after applying base fertilizer or fully mix with the soil; for topdressing, we should advocate deep application of covering soil, irrigation in time after application, and do not leave fertilizer on the ground.

二是要平衡施肥，对钾肥要适量、分次或分层施用；不要将锌、铁等微量元素肥料与磷肥直接掺混，最好与腐熟有机肥和营养套餐肥混合后施用。

Second, balanced fertilization, potassium fertilizer should be applied appropriately, graded or layered; do not directly mix zinc, iron and other trace element fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer, it is best to mix with mature organic fertilizer and nutrition package fertilizer.

三是氮肥适量使用，过量施用氮肥会导致氨气和亚硝酸气体在土壤中累积，所以对氮肥要适量施用并与磷、钾等肥料配合，施后及时覆土或将肥料与土壤充分混合，以使氮肥被作物充分吸收利用。

Third, proper use of nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer will lead to the accumulation of ammonia and nitrous acid in the soil, so nitrogen fertilizer should be properly applied and combined with phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers, and should be covered or fully mixed with soil after application, so that nitrogen fertilizer can be fully absorbed and utilized by crops.

四是施用有机肥、缓控释肥料等养分缓慢释放的肥料可以减少有害气体的产生，可抑制亚硝酸气体，除了合理施用氮肥外，还可以适量使用硝化抑制剂。

Fourth, the application of organic fertilizer, slow-release fertilizer and other slow-release fertilizers can reduce the production of harmful gases and inhibit nitrite gas. In addition to rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrification inhibitors can also be used appropriately.